View source for Portugal’s 20th-century history

Starting in 1933, Portugal was ruled for more than forty years by a right-wing authoritarian regime known as the Estado Novo. Social unrest, economic stagnation, and political repression led to massive rates of emigration. This was especially true in the 60's and early 70's during the 13-year war between Portugal and armed liberation movements in Angola, Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau which aimed to overthrow years of brutal colonial rule. The war worsened the already poor economic situation in Portugal and led many Portuguese to leave the country for economic opportunities or to avoid forced conscription.

During this time, mounting dissatisfaction among the military and the population culminated in the Carnation Revolution on April 25, 1974, a military coup that quickly gained popular support. The revolution led to the fall of the dictatorship, the establishment of a democratic government, and significant social and political reforms. April 25th still holds special significance in Portugal, and many Portuguese take to the streets every year carrying red carnations which have become a symbol of the revolution.

Emigration continues to shape both national identity and influences its large Portuguese communities abroad. This history of mobility, combined with Portugal’s deep connections to regions with shared language and cultural ties, has led to a cultural blending that is visible in the country’s music, food, and everyday life.