Disinformation Workshop: Tools & Techniques - Revision history

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	== Notes ==		== Notes ==

			[https://cryptpad.fr/file/#/2/file/Yb5faX-7ri0YFjtcGrK-Q8-f/ Disinfo Slides]

	[https://cryptpad.fr/pad/#/2/pad/view/SU5+x73AHcw4sdpiKlkOvZrVR2k8x8BoBm-h54eZ2bQ/ Disinformation Handout]		[https://cryptpad.fr/pad/#/2/pad/view/SU5+x73AHcw4sdpiKlkOvZrVR2k8x8BoBm-h54eZ2bQ/ Disinformation Handout]

Iffadmin: /* Notes */

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Notes

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	== Notes ==		== Notes ==


			[https://cryptpad.fr/pad/#/2/pad/view/SU5+x73AHcw4sdpiKlkOvZrVR2k8x8BoBm-h54eZ2bQ/ Disinformation Handout]

	=== Definitions and Background ===		=== Definitions and Background ===

Iffadmin at 17:42, 6 April 2021

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			__NOTOC__
	'''Workshop:''' Disinformation Workshop: Tools & Techniques		'''Workshop:''' Disinformation Workshop: Tools & Techniques

Iffadmin: /* Notes */

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	* Open Source Intelligence geolocation tools:		* Open Source Intelligence geolocation tools:
	** [https://goo.gl/maps/RBGgNCgdSbwwNRTX9 Google] vs. [https://osm.org/go/4VaEg2mg?m= OpenStreetMap]		** [https://goo.gl/maps/RBGgNCgdSbwwNRTX9 Google] vs. [https://osm.org/go/4VaEg2mg?m= OpenStreetMap]
			** Street-level photos
			*** Open: [https://www.mapillary.com/app/?lat=21.185944&lng=92.161139&z=16 Mapillary], [https://kartaview.org/map/@21.185944,92.161139,16z Kartaview]
			** Satellite / Drone Imagery:
			*** [https://www.bing.com/maps?osid=7f9c708f-5f76-4ec2-8edc-e36714c55f99&cp=21.187669~92.156507&lvl=16&style=h&v=2&sV=2&form=S00027 Bing]: outdated imagery
			*** [https://map.openaerialmap.org/#/92.16117918491364,21.185927330976515,18?_k=kfljvd OpenAerialMap Browser]: open source drone imagery
			** Historical imagery: Google Earth Pro (desktop software)
			** Search for coordinates: 21.185944, 92.161139
			** View > Historical Imagery
			** Look at Imagery Date in the bottom right and difference between
			*** 1/19/2020: natural riverbanks
			*** 1/31/2021: hardened bank, redone road visible

			Twitter and other social media posts can be geocoded, i.e. have a location attached to them.

			* This can easily be faked or modified but can be useful for monitoring large events.
			* Use Google Maps to collect coordinates for Cox’s Bazaar, Bangladesh
			* Search Twitter using the following syntax \| geocode:latitude(Y),longitude(X),distance(km)
			** Example \| geocode:21.18594,92.16113,0.1km
			* Tips: Only need 5 decimal places for accuracy equivalent to cell phone precision
			* Image metadata:
			** Known as EXIF - Exchangeable File Image Format
			** Useful for verifying geolocation and date/time
			** EXIF is not bulletproof, but is useful for initial assessment
			** location information is often stripped out of photos posted to social media

			* Additional resources:
			** Case Study: [https://www.cjr.org/hit_or_miss/a-master-class-in-how-to-verify-a-video-using-digital-tools.php A master class in how to verify a video using digital tools]
			*** Warning – disturbing footage: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OqFY_2JE1c BBC Africa Eye: Anatomy of a Killing]
			** [https://medium.com/quiztime/lining-up-shadows-2351ae106cec Shadows and SunCalc. Calculating time using clues in a photo]
			** [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrFPX1Vfqk3ehZKSFeb9pVIHqxqrNW8Sy OSINT At Home - Tutorials on Digital Research, Verification and Open Source Investigations - YouTube]
			** [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/18rtqh8EG2q1xBo2cLNyhIDuK9jrPGwYr9DI2UncoqJQ/edit#gid=1700243466 Bellingcat OSINT Toolkit]
			** Catalog of research databases, by country, for investigative reporting (business registries, legal/court info, etc.): https://id.occrp.org/databases/

Iffadmin: /* Notes */

2021-04-06T17:36:36Z

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	** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OqFY_2JE1c&list=UUqnbDFdCpuN8CMEg0VuEBqA&index=58 This Video May Not Be Real]		** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OqFY_2JE1c&list=UUqnbDFdCpuN8CMEg0VuEBqA&index=58 This Video May Not Be Real]
	** [https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2020/03/13/monitoring-and-debunking-covid-19-panic-the-haarlem-aldi-hoax/ Monitoring and Debunking COVID-19 Panic: The Haarlem Aldi Hoax]		** [https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2020/03/13/monitoring-and-debunking-covid-19-panic-the-haarlem-aldi-hoax/ Monitoring and Debunking COVID-19 Panic: The Haarlem Aldi Hoax]

			=== Geolocation for Verifying Multimedia ===
			* Verifying a Video:
			** Using only context from the video, what could help you determine where it happened?
			*** People: What are they doing? Wearing?
			*** Environment:
			**** Built: what do the roads and buildings look like?
			**** Natural: what’s the climate, terrain, and vegetation like?
			**** Signs and Logos: what language? Any specific brands?
			**** Vehicles/Transit: what type? Which side of the road?
			** [https://twitter.com/BenDoBrown/status/1374011152263475202 Spoiler:]
			*** Let’s verify this claim ourselves using geolocation tools.
			*** Latitude Longitude coordinates to use: 21.185944, 92.161139
			* Determine and use geographic coordinates:
			** Units are decimal degrees or sometimes degrees, minutes, seconds
			** Coordinates are often listed in Lat, Lon (Y, X) order
			** Latitude: Y coordinate, degrees north (N or +) or south (S or - ) of equator
			** Longitude: X coordinate, degrees east (E or +) or west (W or -) of Prime Meridian
			* Open Source Intelligence geolocation tools:
			** [https://goo.gl/maps/RBGgNCgdSbwwNRTX9 Google] vs. [https://osm.org/go/4VaEg2mg?m= OpenStreetMap]

Iffadmin: /* Notes */

2021-04-06T17:32:58Z

Notes

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	* Additional reading:		* Additional reading:
	** [https://medium.com/dfrlab/botspot-twelve-ways-to-spot-a-bot-aedc7d9c110c #BotSpot: Twelve Ways to Spot a Bot]		** [https://medium.com/dfrlab/botspot-twelve-ways-to-spot-a-bot-aedc7d9c110c #BotSpot: Twelve Ways to Spot a Bot]

			=== Manipulated Media and Deepfakes ===
			* Definitions
			** '''Manipulated media:''' photoshops, edited “cheapfakes” and some deepfakes
			** '''Fabricated media:''' generated media, such as fake faces and some deepfakes
			** '''False context:''' when a photo, video, or other narrative is taken out of context and attached to a different narrative
			** '''Imposter media:''' when someone pretends to be a reputable news source, or impersonates a news source
			* Manipulated and Fabricated Media
			** '''Deepfakes:''' videos that are altered or generated using artificial intelligence, neural networks, and machine learning
			** '''Cheapfakes:''' videos altered using cheaper or more accessible tools, such as dubbing, speeding up or slowing down, or splicing together different scenes
			** Media can also be manipulated by recontextualizing real photos or videos
			* Investigation tools:
			** [https://www.invid-project.eu/tools-and-services/invid-verification-plugin/ InVID Verification Plugin]
			** [https://citizenevidence.amnestyusa.org/ Youtube DataViewer (Citizen Evidence)]
			** [http://www.watchframebyframe.com/ Watch Frame by Frame]
			* Additional resources and reading
			** [https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/detect-fakes/overview/ Detect Deepfakes: How to Counteract Misinformation Created by AI]
			** [https://www.spotdeepfakes.org/en-US/quiz Spot the Deepfake Quiz]
			** [https://moondisaster.org/resources In Event of Moon Disaster]
			** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OqFY_2JE1c&list=UUqnbDFdCpuN8CMEg0VuEBqA&index=58 This Video May Not Be Real]
			** [https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2020/03/13/monitoring-and-debunking-covid-19-panic-the-haarlem-aldi-hoax/ Monitoring and Debunking COVID-19 Panic: The Haarlem Aldi Hoax]

Iffadmin: /* Using OSINT: Twitter and Bot Identification */

2021-04-06T17:27:48Z

Using OSINT: Twitter and Bot Identification

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	** '''Bots:''' automatically generate messages on social media, often to influence the course of discussion or opinions of readers		** '''Bots:''' automatically generate messages on social media, often to influence the course of discussion or opinions of readers
	* Tools for bot identification:		* Tools for bot identification:
	** ~~Botometer:~~ https://botometer.osome.iu.edu/		** [https://botometer.osome.iu.edu/ Botometer]
	** ~~Bot Sentinel:~~ https://botsentinel.com/		** [https://botsentinel.com/ Bot Sentinel]
	** ~~Botsight (Chrome extension):~~ https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/botsight/kahiiipphdmmkkamddaiiddmidmhbbil?hl=en-US		** [https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/botsight/kahiiipphdmmkkamddaiiddmidmhbbil?hl=en-US Botsight (Chrome extension)]
	** ~~Botslayer:~~ https://osome.iuni.iu.edu/tools/botslayer/		** [https://osome.iuni.iu.edu/tools/botslayer/ Botslayer]
	~~Hoaxy:~~ https://hoaxy.iuni.iu.edu/		** [https://hoaxy.iuni.iu.edu/ Hoaxy]
	* Activity 1: Check if these accounts are bots using one or more of the tools listed above:		* Activity 1: Check if these accounts are bots using one or more of the tools listed above:
	** https://twitter.com/UnclegwizC		** https://twitter.com/UnclegwizC
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	** https://twitter.com/PamelaNunleyje1		** https://twitter.com/PamelaNunleyje1
	* Additional reading:		* Additional reading:
	** #BotSpot: Twelve Ways to Spot a Bot		** [https://medium.com/dfrlab/botspot-twelve-ways-to-spot-a-bot-aedc7d9c110c #BotSpot: Twelve Ways to Spot a Bot]

Iffadmin: /* Notes */

2021-04-06T17:25:52Z

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	* '''Reverse Image Search:''' is a feature on most search engines that allows users to input an image and search for matches or similar images. The most common reverse image search engines are: Google, Yandex, Bing, and TinEye		* '''Reverse Image Search:''' is a feature on most search engines that allows users to input an image and search for matches or similar images. The most common reverse image search engines are: Google, Yandex, Bing, and TinEye
	* '''A useful tool''' for conducting reverse image searches online is: RevEye. This is a browser plug-in that you can install (such as on Chrome, Firefox), which allows you to right-click on an image and search it on the 4 sources listed above (Google, Yandex, Bing, and TenEye). It helps save time!		* '''A useful tool''' for conducting reverse image searches online is: RevEye. This is a browser plug-in that you can install (such as on Chrome, Firefox), which allows you to right-click on an image and search it on the 4 sources listed above (Google, Yandex, Bing, and TenEye). It helps save time!

			=== Using OSINT: Twitter and Bot Identification ===
			* OSINT refers to open-source intelligence
			** Derived from data and information that is available to the public
			** OSINT tools allow users to detect disinformation and investigate the source
			* Key Terms for Twitter:
			** '''Sockpuppets:''' fake accounts used to manipulate online discussions created for the purpose of deception
			** '''Bots:''' automatically generate messages on social media, often to influence the course of discussion or opinions of readers
			* Tools for bot identification:
			** Botometer: https://botometer.osome.iu.edu/
			** Bot Sentinel: https://botsentinel.com/
			** Botsight (Chrome extension): https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/botsight/kahiiipphdmmkkamddaiiddmidmhbbil?hl=en-US
			** Botslayer: https://osome.iuni.iu.edu/tools/botslayer/
			Hoaxy: https://hoaxy.iuni.iu.edu/
			* Activity 1: Check if these accounts are bots using one or more of the tools listed above:
			** https://twitter.com/UnclegwizC
			** https://twitter.com/Ununifiedtheory
			** https://twitter.com/semielse
			** https://twitter.com/PamelaNunleyje1
			* Additional reading:
			** #BotSpot: Twelve Ways to Spot a Bot

Iffadmin: /* The Basics: Verifying Sources and Media */

2021-04-06T17:22:47Z

The Basics: Verifying Sources and Media

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	# Accuracy - Can facts/statistics be verified through another source?		# Accuracy - Can facts/statistics be verified through another source?
	# Purpose – What is the source's purpose (inform, promote, etc.?) Who is the intended audience? Is it Balanced or biased?		# Purpose – What is the source's purpose (inform, promote, etc.?) Who is the intended audience? Is it Balanced or biased?
	** CRAAP [https://heatonlrc.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/3/1/12316775/heaton_lrc_craap_checklist.pdf Checklist]		* CRAAP [https://heatonlrc.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/3/1/12316775/heaton_lrc_craap_checklist.pdf Checklist]
	** Additional resources about teaching lateral reading can be found [https://cor.stanford.edu/curriculum/collections/teaching-lateral-reading/ here]		* Additional resources about teaching lateral reading can be found [https://cor.stanford.edu/curriculum/collections/teaching-lateral-reading/ here]

	* '''Web archiving:''' is the process of collecting portions of the World Wide Web to ensure the information is preserved in an archive for future researchers, historians, and the public. Web archivists typically employ web crawlers for automated capture due to the massive size and amount of information on the Web.		* '''Web archiving:''' is the process of collecting portions of the World Wide Web to ensure the information is preserved in an archive for future researchers, historians, and the public. Web archivists typically employ web crawlers for automated capture due to the massive size and amount of information on the Web.

Iffadmin: /* The Basics: Verifying Sources and Media */

2021-04-06T17:22:19Z

The Basics: Verifying Sources and Media

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	* '''Lateral Reading:''' searching for information about a source while you are reading it. Seeking to understand the perspective and motives of the author/source.		* '''Lateral Reading:''' searching for information about a source while you are reading it. Seeking to understand the perspective and motives of the author/source.
	* '''CRAAP Method:'''		* '''CRAAP Method:'''
	** Currency – When was the source written and published?		# Currency – When was the source written and published?
	** Relevance – Does the source cover the research topic comprehensively, or just one topic?		# Relevance – Does the source cover the research topic comprehensively, or just one topic?
	** Authority – Is the author credible? Check credentials and affiliation.		# Authority – Is the author credible? Check credentials and affiliation.
	** Accuracy - Can facts/statistics be verified through another source?		# Accuracy - Can facts/statistics be verified through another source?
	** Purpose – What is the source's purpose (inform, promote, etc.?) Who is the intended audience? Is it Balanced or biased?		# Purpose – What is the source's purpose (inform, promote, etc.?) Who is the intended audience? Is it Balanced or biased?
	* CRAAP [https://heatonlrc.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/3/1/12316775/heaton_lrc_craap_checklist.pdf Checklist]		** CRAAP [https://heatonlrc.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/3/1/12316775/heaton_lrc_craap_checklist.pdf Checklist]
	* Additional resources about teaching lateral reading can be found [https://cor.stanford.edu/curriculum/collections/teaching-lateral-reading/ here]		** Additional resources about teaching lateral reading can be found [https://cor.stanford.edu/curriculum/collections/teaching-lateral-reading/ here]

	* '''Web archiving:''' is the process of collecting portions of the World Wide Web to ensure the information is preserved in an archive for future researchers, historians, and the public. Web archivists typically employ web crawlers for automated capture due to the massive size and amount of information on the Web.		* '''Web archiving:''' is the process of collecting portions of the World Wide Web to ensure the information is preserved in an archive for future researchers, historians, and the public. Web archivists typically employ web crawlers for automated capture due to the massive size and amount of information on the Web.
	* The most popular web archive is: https://web.archive.org/		** The most popular web archive is: https://web.archive.org/
	* Web Archives can be useful tools for research and verifying sources/information, such as alleged social media posts from public profiles.		** Web Archives can be useful tools for research and verifying sources/information, such as alleged social media posts from public profiles.

	* '''Reverse Image Search:''' is a feature on most search engines that allows users to input an image and search for matches or similar images. The most common reverse image search engines are: Google, Yandex, Bing, and TinEye		* '''Reverse Image Search:''' is a feature on most search engines that allows users to input an image and search for matches or similar images. The most common reverse image search engines are: Google, Yandex, Bing, and TinEye
	* '''A useful tool''' for conducting reverse image searches online is: RevEye. This is a browser plug-in that you can install (such as on Chrome, Firefox), which allows you to right-click on an image and search it on the 4 sources listed above (Google, Yandex, Bing, and TenEye). It helps save time!		* '''A useful tool''' for conducting reverse image searches online is: RevEye. This is a browser plug-in that you can install (such as on Chrome, Firefox), which allows you to right-click on an image and search it on the 4 sources listed above (Google, Yandex, Bing, and TenEye). It helps save time!